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Social policy is a term which is applied to various areas of policy, usually within a governmental or political setting (such as the welfare state and study of social services). It can refer to guidelines, principles, legislation and activities that affect the living conditions conducive to human welfare, such as a person's quality of life. The Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics defines social policy as "an interdisciplinary and applied subject concerned with the analysis of societies' responses to social need", which seeks to foster in its students a capacity to understand theory and evidence drawn from a wide range of social science disciplines, including economics, sociology, psychology, geography, history, law, philosophy and political science.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/socialPolicy/aboutUs/introduction.aspx )〕 The Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy at Harvard University describes social policy as "public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human services, criminal justice, inequality, education, and labor". Social policy research and teaching at the Department of Social Policy at Oxford is largely focused on international comparative work, as a full picture of the development and operation of a particular system can only be gained by benchmarking against other jurisdictions. Social policy might also be described as actions that affect the well-being of members of a society through shaping the distribution of and access to goods and resources in that society.〔''Social Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand: A Critical Introduction'' (2005) by Christine Cheyne, Mike O'Brien, & Michael Belgrave - Page 3〕 Social policy often deals with wicked problems.〔Rittel, H. & Webber, M. (1973). Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. ''Policy Sci'' 4:155-169.〕 The discussion of "social policy" in the United States and Canada can also apply to governmental policy on social issues such as tackling racism, LGBT issues (such as same-sex marriage)〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.australianmarriageequality.org/2012/06/18/gay-marriage-inquiry-reaches-consensus/ )〕 and the legal status of abortion, guns,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.policyalmanac.org/crime/guns.shtml )〕 euthanasia, recreational drugs and prostitution. ==History of social policy== The earliest example of direct intervention by government in human welfare dates back to Umar ibn al-Khattāb's rule as the second caliph of Islam in the 6th century. He used ''zakat'' collections and also other governmental resources to establish pensions, income support, child benefits, and various stipends for people of the non-Muslim community. In the West, proponents of scientific social planning such as the sociologist Auguste Comte, and social researchers, such as Charles Booth, contributed to the emergence of social policy in the first industrialised countries following the industrial revolution. Surveys of poverty exposing the brutal conditions in the urban slum conurbations of Victorian Britain supplied the pressure leading to changes such as the decline and abolition of the poor law system and Liberal welfare reforms. Other significant examples in the development of social policy are the Bismarckian welfare state in 19th century Germany, social security policies in the United States introduced under the rubric of the New Deal between 1933 and 1935, and the National Health Service Act 1946 in Britain. Social policy in the 21st century is complex and in each state it is subject to local and national governments, as well as supranational political influence. For example, membership of the European Union is conditional on member states' adherence to the Social Chapter of European Union law 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「social policy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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